What Is Polysubstance Abuse?

Polysubstance abuse, or using multiple drugs at once, is a widespread concern with serious health risks. When a person engages in multiple substance use, they consume more than one chemical substance within a short period—whether intentionally or unintentionally. This behavior increases the risk of dependency, overdose, and severe physical or mental health complications.

At Tennessee Valley Recovery, we understand the complexities of polysubstance addiction and provide integrated treatment programs developed to help individuals achieve long-term recovery. If you or a loved one is struggling with mixed substance use, our comprehensive rehab services in Tennessee can provide the support you need.

Why Does Multiple Drug Use Occur?

The reasons behind multiple drug use vary, but it can occur both intentionally and unintentionally. Regardless of the reason, combining substances significantly increases the risk of dangerous side effects.

Intentional Polysubstance Use 

Some individuals mix substances to intensify or counteract the effects of another drug. For example:

• Alcohol and Stimulants: Some people take prescription stimulants to counteract the drowsiness caused by alcohol.
• Opioids and Benzodiazepines: These are sometimes combined for their sedative effects, which can be extremely dangerous.

Unintentional Polysubstance Use 

In other cases, individuals unknowingly consume substances laced with other drugs. A growing concern is fentanyl-laced heroin or cocaine, which has contributed to rising overdose rates. Without knowing the exact substances involved, the effects become unpredictable and potentially life-threatening.

Definition of Polysubstance Abuse

The definition of polysubstance abuse refers to the repeated or simultaneous use of multiple substances, leading to physical and psychological dependence. Unlike dependence on a single drug, polydrug use disorder makes treatment more challenging due to the overlapping effects of different substances on the body.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths increased from 8.9 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2003 to 32.6 in 2022; however, the rate decreased to 31.3 in 2023.

Understanding what is polysubstance abuse can help individuals recognize its dangers and seek appropriate treatment before addiction worsens. 

Common Drug Combinations 

While poly-drug use can involve any mix of drugs, some combinations are more common—and more dangerous—than others.

• Alcohol and Cocaine: Alcohol slows down brain function, while cocaine stimulates the nervous system. This contrast can mask the effects of alcohol, increasing the risk of excessive drinking and alcohol poisoning. Additionally, the combination creates a toxic byproduct called cocaethylene, which can strain the liver and heart.
• Opioids and Benzodiazepines: Both opioids and benzodiazepines depress the central nervous system, slowing breathing and increasing the risk of fatal overdose. Mixing these substances can cause severe respiratory depression, leading to unconsciousness or death.
• Cocaine and Heroin (Speedballing): This combination is particularly dangerous because cocaine’s stimulant effects mask heroin’s sedative properties. As a result, users may take more heroin than their bodies can handle, leading to a higher risk of overdose.

Combining drugs with opposing effects—such as stimulants and depressants—often leads to unpredictable reactions and severe health complications.

Signs and Symptoms of Polysubstance Use Disorder

Recognizing the signs of multiple substance abuse is key to getting help. Symptoms vary depending on the substances involved but often include:

Behavioral Symptoms

• Increased secrecy or avoiding friends and family.
• Risky behaviors, such as driving under the influence.
• “Doctor shopping” to obtain multiple prescriptions.
• Loss of interest in hobbies or daily activities.

Emotional and Psychological Symptoms

• Intense mood swings, irritability, or anxiety.
• Difficulty focusing or remembering important details.
• Increased paranoia or hallucinations.

Physical Symptoms

• Slurred speech, lack of coordination, or droopy eyelids.
• Dilated pupils or bloodshot eyes.
• Increased health problems or frequent hospital visits.
• Symptoms of withdrawal, such as nausea, shaking, or sweating.

If you notice these symptoms in yourself or a loved one, professional treatment for polysubstance addiction is essential for long-term recovery.

Dangers of Multiple Drug Abuse

The risks associated with polysubstance abuse go beyond addiction. Individuals who mix substances face greater health dangers, including:

Increased Overdose Risk

When multiple substances interact in the body, their effects can be intensified, making overdose more likely. Additionally, treating polysubstance overdoses is more complex since certain medications (like naloxone for opioid overdoses) may not be effective if other substances are present.

Severe Mental Health Complications

Many people who engage in poly-drug use also struggle with mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Combining substances can worsen these conditions, leading to increased emotional instability and suicidal thoughts.

Long-Term Health Problems

Chronic use of multiple substances can damage major organs, including the heart, liver, and brain. Cognitive impairment, respiratory problems, and permanent organ damage are common consequences of prolonged multiple substance abuse.

Treatment Options for Mixed Substance Use Disorder

Finding the right treatment for polysubstance use disorder requires a personalized approach. At Tennessee Valley Recovery, we offer comprehensive addiction treatment programs developed to help individuals safely detox and develop the skills necessary for long-term sobriety.

• Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT): MAT helps manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings through FDA-approved medications, making the recovery process safer and more comfortable.
• Individual and Group Therapy: Therapy plays a critical role in addressing the underlying causes of multiple drug abuse. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) help clients process past trauma and develop healthier coping mechanisms.
• Family Counseling: Addiction affects loved ones, too. Our family therapy sessions help rebuild trust and improve communication.
• Holistic and Experiential Therapies: We integrate yoga, meditation, and equine therapy into our programs to promote mental, emotional, and physical healing.
• Dual Diagnosis Treatment: Many individuals struggling with poly-drug use also face co-occurring mental health disorders. Our dual diagnosis program ensures both addiction and mental health conditions are treated simultaneously.

Levels of Care at Tennessee Valley Recovery

We offer several treatment options to accommodate different needs, including:

• Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP): A structured, intensive program with daily therapy and medical support.
• Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP): A flexible treatment plan that allows clients to balance recovery with work or school responsibilities.

Our experienced team helps clients determine which level of care best suits their needs.

Treatment for Polysubstance Abuse in Tennessee

If you or a loved one is struggling with polysubstance abuse, help is available. At Tennessee Valley Recovery, we provide individualized treatment programs that address the complexities of multiple substance use disorders.

Take the first step toward healing today. Contact us to learn more about our multi-staged treatment program in Knoxville, Tennessee, and begin your recovery journey.